Solubility is defined as the maximum quantity of solute that can be dissolved in 100 grams of solvent to prepare saturated solution at a particular temperature.
Factors Affecting Solubility
Following are the factors which affect the solubility of solutes:
The general principle of solubility is, like dissolves like.
The ionic and polar substances are soluble in polar solvents. For example, Salt and sugar are soluble in water.
Solution of Alcohol in Water.
Non-polar substances are not soluble in polar solvents but soluble in non-polar solvents. For example, Grease and paints are soluble in ether, Toluene is soluble in Benzene.
Solubility and solute-solvent interaction
To dissolve the solute into solvent, the following conditions must be fulfilled.
Solute-Solute bonding should be broken.
Solvent-Solvent bonding should be broken to provide space for solute particles.
Solute-Solvent attraction should be maximized.
The process of solution formation depends upon the relative strength of attractive forces between solute-solute, solvent-solvent and solute-solvent. A solute will dissolve in a solvent if the solute-solvent forces of attraction are greater enough to overcome the solute-solute and solvent-solvent forces of attraction. A solute will not dissolve if the solute-solvent forces of attraction are weaker than individual solute and solvent intermolecular attractions.
Effect of Temperature on Solubility
Solubility is directly proportional to the temperature in solid & liquid. Solubility is increased by increasing the temperature because hot water molecules have greater kinetic energy and collide with solid solute more vigorously. For example, a greater amount of sugar will dissolve in warm water than in cold water.
For all gases, the solubility decreases as the temperature of the solution increases.
